The Teamsters and AFL-CIO
I Heard You Paint HousesOrganizing contests, factional resistance, and violent confrontations turn union solidarity into a central and contested source of power.
increasing
Bearing strength in each event
decreasing
A Violent Labor Landscape

Organizing under Threat
Management resistance
The book describes employers using strikebreakers and violence against union organizers. In response, unions sometimes relied on their own muscle and intimidation.
Hoffa’s method
James R. Hoffa built authority in this environment by demanding discipline and solidarity. His tactics promised workers bargaining power but also normalized coercion within union politics.
AFL-CIO Expulsion

A Union Isolated
Ethics dispute
The AFL-CIO accused the Teamsters leadership of corruption and expelled the union. The decision placed Hoffa’s organization outside the federation and increased its vulnerability to rival organizing.
Resistance
Hoffa portrayed the expulsion as an establishment attack on workers. His response was to tighten internal control and rely more heavily on allies who could resist outside pressure.
The Chicago Local 777 Fight

Secession and Retaliation
Rebels organize
Dominic Abata led a faction seeking to remove Local 777 from the Teamsters. The Seafarers International Union supported the breakaway effort.
An election struggle
Joey Glimco and Hoffa’s allies used intimidation and disruption to prevent the union from losing the local. The rebels won the election, but the struggle demonstrated the violence that accompanied competition for membership.
The Philadelphia Voice

A Local Divided
Factional challenge
The Voice organized opposition within Philadelphia’s large Teamsters Local 107. The conflict reflected members’ grievances as well as competition among leaders for control.
Hoffa intervenes
James R. Hoffa campaigned in Philadelphia, arguing that unity was necessary for better wages and national bargaining. His faction won elections, but the division remained a source of violence and distrust.
A Union Hall Shootout

Violence Escalates
A struggle for control
The Philadelphia factions continued to fight over leadership and union jobs. Sheeran says he was called to help protect the local after a large rally.
Consequences
A shootout left people wounded and brought arrests, including Sheeran’s. The episode exposed the gap between Hoffa’s rhetoric of solidarity and the coercive reality of factional politics.
1930s–1950s
1957
1961
1961–1964
1967