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The First Men’s Wars and Defeats

Last and First Men

This flow follows the First human species as fear, nationalism, and technological power turn limited conflicts into the destruction of Europe and global civilization.

increasingupBearing stren­gth in each eventdowndecreasing
The European WarThe European War from "Last and First Men". War and Its Aftermath Rival justifications Each side believes it defends civilization, though the conflict mixes honorable motives with brutality.
War and Its Aftermath Rival justifications Each side believes it defends civilization, though the conflict mixes honorable motives with brutality. Exceptional acts of generosity coexist with ordinary tribal hatred. A missed opportunity The suffering produces a temporary desire for peace and world unity. The settlement that follows fails to turn that desire into a lasting political order.
The Franco-Italian WarThe Franco-Italian War from "Last and First Men". Prestige and Expansion A militarized state Italy’s government uses social reform and national pride to build military confidence.
Prestige and Expansion A militarized state Italy’s government uses social reform and national pride to build military confidence. A dispute over territory and a flag becomes a test of prestige. A swift defeat France defeats Italy, and the dictator dies amid the collapse of his ambition. The episode shows how a manufactured demand for national glory can make a minor incident catastrophic.
The Anglo-French OutbreakThe Anglo-French Outbreak from "Last and First Men". Rumor Becomes War A fabricated outrage A false accusation and sensational press coverage turn cultural suspicion into a public crisis.
Rumor Becomes War A fabricated outrage A false accusation and sensational press coverage turn cultural suspicion into a public crisis. The governments’ strategic rivalry over air power gives the dispute a military foundation. Cities under attack French aircraft devastate London, and an accidental bombing kills a princess. Public anger overwhelms the peace movement and destroys Paris in retaliation.
Poison Across EuropePoison Across Europe from "Last and First Men". Europe’s Final Defeat Misread events The annihilation of the American air fleet intensifies American fury, although the scientists’ decision was meant to…
Europe’s Final Defeat Misread events The annihilation of the American air fleet intensifies American fury, although the scientists’ decision was meant to prevent unlimited destruction. The European governments are unable to control the consequences. A continent emptied American poison gas kills Europe’s populations and leaves its cities silent. The victory also burdens the Americans with collective guilt and deepens their hostility to criticism.
War Between ContinentsWar Between Continents from "Last and First Men". East Against West Resurgent tribal feeling Long peace and economic interdependence fail to extinguish unconscious combative impulses.
East Against West Resurgent tribal feeling Long peace and economic interdependence fail to extinguish unconscious combative impulses. A dispute over labor conditions and American intervention triggers war between the West and the East. A prolonged devastation Poison, disease, and air attacks ruin whole regions without producing decisive victory. The conflict ends only when exhaustion and mutual danger make political unity necessary.
At the opening of the chronicle
Within the century after the European War
A generation after the Franco-Italian War
After the scientists destroy the annihilation weapon
Centuries after Europe’s eclipse