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The First Civilization’s Collapse

Last and First Men

This flow traces how tribal conflict, world unification, and spiritual stagnation bring the First human species from fragile hope to civilizational ruin.

increasingupBearing stren­gth in each eventdowndecreasing
Fragile Cosmopolitan HopeFragile Cosmopolitan Hope from "Last and First Men". A Fragile Human Hope Two ideals The First human species inherits ideals of clear thought and unselfish love, associated with Socrates and Jesus.
A Fragile Human Hope Two ideals The First human species inherits ideals of clear thought and unselfish love, associated with Socrates and Jesus. Its nervous and social nature, however, makes those ideals difficult to sustain. Tribal habits War briefly awakens a loyalty beyond nations, but old rivalries remain powerful. Peace depends on a degree of self-command that the species rarely achieves.
Continental WarsContinental Wars from "Last and First Men". Peace Frays Rival states The Franco-Italian and Anglo-French conflicts expose how quickly public fear can turn into violence.
Peace Frays Rival states The Franco-Italian and Anglo-French conflicts expose how quickly public fear can turn into violence. National pride and sensational stories overwhelm efforts to settle disputes. A narrowing chance The wars damage cities, institutions, and the people capable of critical thought. Each conflict leaves the next attempt at international cooperation more precarious.
Europe’s DestructionEurope’s Destruction from "Last and First Men". Europe Is Murdered A withheld weapon At Hartland Point, scientists reject a device that could annihilate matter, fearing that their world is unfit to wield it.
Europe Is Murdered A withheld weapon At Hartland Point, scientists reject a device that could annihilate matter, fearing that their world is unfit to wield it. Its inventor destroys the weapon and himself after using it against the advancing American fleet. Retaliation The Americans mistake the fleet’s destruction for an act of European aggression. Poison gas devastates European cities, and the surviving culture disperses among other peoples.
Unity Under MotionUnity Under Motion from "Last and First Men". A World State Bargained unity After a long East–West conflict, representatives negotiate a unified economic order on an island in the Pacific.
A World State Bargained unity After a long East–West conflict, representatives negotiate a unified economic order on an island in the Pacific. The agreement ends the rival governments but does not resolve their cultural differences. A dangerous creed The new system spreads American institutions and the worship of activity. Political unity arrives without a corresponding renewal of critical thought.
The State FallsThe State Falls from "Last and First Men". Civilization Runs Out The fuel crisis Coal supplies finally fail, while ritual flight and religious authority resist the reductions that survival requires.
Civilization Runs Out The fuel crisis Coal supplies finally fail, while ritual flight and religious authority resist the reductions that survival requires. The scientists cannot produce the legendary source of limitless power. Collapse A revelation that the secret was a myth triggers revolt, civil war, and spreading disease. The First World State breaks apart, leaving a damaged population unable to rebuild its inherited complexity.
After the European War
Within the centuries after the European War
After the Hartland Point Weapon Demonstration
About 380 years after the European War
About 4,000 years into the First World State