The Ethics of Algorithms
Thinking, Fast and SlowThis flow follows the conflict between human sympathy for judgment and the predictive consistency of simple formulas.
increasing
Bearing strength in each event
decreasing
Clinical Confidence

Human Subtlety
Rich Interviews
Clinicians trust their ability to integrate many contextual details.
Statistical Challenge
Simple combinations of scores often predict better.
The Formula Contest

Human Versus Rule
Repeated Studies
Across medicine, education, parole, and business, formulas match or exceed experts.
Consistency
Algorithms do not fluctuate with mood, context, or fatigue.
The Broken-Leg Rule

Rare Decisive Evidence
Default Rule
A formula should usually govern noisy predictions.
Exception
A rare fact such as a broken leg can legitimately override it.
Apgar Standardization

A Life-Saving Score
Five Signs
Virginia Apgar standardizes newborn assessment through a simple scale.
Human Benefit
A repeatable rule reduces missed danger signs in delivery rooms.
Naturalness Objection

The Moral Resistance
Human Preference
People dislike mechanical decisions affecting human lives.
Ethical Reversal
Yet refusing a more accurate formula can itself impose preventable harm.
At the opening of the formulas chapter
Early in the formula discussion
Middle of the formulas chapter
Later in Part 3
Near the end of the formulas chapter