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The Waiter and Social Roles

Being and Nothingness

This character thread follows the tension between a role imposed by society and the freedom that can never be reduced to it.

increasingupBearing stren­gth in each eventdowndecreasing
A Social FunctionA Social Function from "Being and Nothingness". A Social Function Readable Role A waiter is recognized through clothing, gestures, and expected service. The role lets customers interpret a person quickly.
A Social Function Readable Role A waiter is recognized through clothing, gestures, and expected service. The role lets customers interpret a person quickly. Objectification Social reading treats the role as if it defined the person completely, making the worker a usable object within the scene.
The Role PerformedThe Role Performed from "Being and Nothingness". The Role Performed Gesture as Ceremony The waiter sharpens his movements until they resemble a machine. His behavior stages the identity that customers demand.
The Role Performed Gesture as Ceremony The waiter sharpens his movements until they resemble a machine. His behavior stages the identity that customers demand. Self-Distance The performance simultaneously reveals that he is not simply the role. He must keep choosing and reenacting what others treat as settled.
The Customer's LookThe Customer's Look from "Being and Nothingness". The Customer's Look Object for Others The worker's gestures and presence can be fixed as qualities by those who watch him.
The Customer's Look Object for Others The worker's gestures and presence can be fixed as qualities by those who watch him. Their judgments create an exterior version of his being. Resistance The worker's freedom is not exhausted by those meanings, even though he cannot control what they make him appear to be.
A Role in the WorldA Role in the World from "Being and Nothingness". A Role in the World Practical Networks The waiter's work belongs to a chain of utensils, wages, duties, and ends. Each relation refers beyond itself.
A Role in the World Practical Networks The waiter's work belongs to a chain of utensils, wages, duties, and ends. Each relation refers beyond itself. No Final Purpose The chain of purposes does not explain why the whole life should be lived. That question appears only when the for-itself reflects.
Freedom Beyond OccupationFreedom Beyond Occupation from "Being and Nothingness". Freedom Beyond Occupation Situated but Not Fixed The worker is genuinely a waiter in a social situation, yet the occupation does not become an in-itself…
Freedom Beyond Occupation Situated but Not Fixed The worker is genuinely a waiter in a social situation, yet the occupation does not become an in-itself essence. Responsibility The person must assume the meaning of the role and can also refuse or alter it, though not without consequences.
Part One, Chapter Two, Section II
Part One, Chapter Two, Section II, café scene
Part Three, Chapter One, look discussion
Part Two, Chapter Three, instrumentality discussion
Part Two, Chapter One, facticity discussion