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Of Human Bondage

Overview

W. Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage was first published in 1915. A large-scale English Bildungsroman, it follows a protagonist from childhood into adult life and is widely regarded as Maugham’s masterpiece. The novel is strongly autobiographical in its materials, though Maugham emphasized that it was fiction rather than autobiography: some elements came from his life, while others were invented. He initially considered the title Beauty from Ashes before choosing a phrase drawn from Spinoza’s Ethics, a fitting reference to the ways human beings are constrained by passions and desires.

Plot and themes

Philip Carey is orphaned as a child and sent to live with his clergyman uncle and aunt. Born with a clubfoot, he grows up acutely conscious of being different and encounters loneliness and disappointment at school. As a young man he goes to Germany to study, then travels to Paris to pursue painting. He eventually recognizes that he lacks the talent to make a career as an artist, returns to London, and trains in medicine. These changes do not form a simple tale of ambition rewarded: Philip’s life is shaped by circumstance, uncertainty, and repeated attempts to discover what he genuinely wants.

His most painful entanglement is his infatuation with Mildred, who does not return his feelings with comparable devotion. Philip persists despite humiliation and disappointment, and the attachment brings emotional distress and financial losses. His experiences gradually unsettle his belief that life must have a single, elevated purpose. Through his later connection with the Athelny family and his relationship with Sally, he comes to consider the value of ordinary companionship and a less grand, more attainable happiness. The ending offers neither a spectacular triumph nor a final escape from difficulty; it turns instead toward the possibility of a shared everyday life.

The novel examines the forces that limit human freedom: physical difference, money, social expectations, longing, and ideas about what makes a life worthwhile. Philip’s fixation on Mildred is especially revealing, showing how desire can dominate judgment while also exposing a person to self-knowledge. Maugham also explores artistic ambition, work, religious doubt, and the search for meaning. Rather than impose a single doctrine, he lets Philip’s changing understanding emerge through experience, using lucid prose and a restrained, often unsentimental view of human nature.

Background and standing

The book draws on parallels with Maugham’s own life. Like Philip, Maugham lost his parents young, was raised by a clergyman uncle, and studied medicine in London before becoming a writer. The novel transforms such biographical material into fiction rather than presenting a literal account. Its scale gives room for a sustained portrait of development, including the mistakes and repetitions through which self-understanding takes shape. It remains one of Maugham’s best-known works and a major twentieth-century coming-of-age novel. Its enduring readership reflects both its psychological account of unrequited love and its broader questions about freedom, purpose, and the forms of happiness available in an imperfect life. A 1934 film adaptation starring Bette Davis brought the story to a wider audience.

About the Author

William Somerset Maugham

Early life and education

William Somerset Maugham was born in Paris on 25 January 1874. His father, Robert Maugham, was a lawyer who handled legal affairs for the British Embassy. Maugham’s mother died when he was eight, and his father died before he reached ten. He was raised by his uncle Henry, a clergyman in Whitstable, Kent. Maugham attended King’s School in Canterbury. French was his first language, and his stammer, small stature, and difficulty fitting in made his school years painful. These early experiences later informed his attentive portrayals of loneliness, embarrassment, and social vulnerability.

At sixteen, Maugham went to Heidelberg, where he studied for a time but did not graduate. He returned to England and studied medicine at St Thomas’ medical school in London from 1892 to 1897, qualifying as a physician. Medical training exposed him to people from varied backgrounds and gave him material for writing about illness and ordinary life. His first novel, Liza of Lambeth, appeared in 1897. Its reception encouraged him to leave medicine and devote himself to literature.

Writing and experience

Maugham became a remarkably versatile writer, publishing novels, short stories, and plays. His major works include Of Human Bondage (1915), The Moon and Sixpence (1919), the play The Circle (1921), the travel book On a Chinese Screen (1922), The Painted Veil (1925), Cakes and Ale (1930), and The Razor’s Edge (1944). His fiction is known for clarity, economy, irony, cosmopolitan settings, and a shrewd understanding of human motives. He was especially accomplished as a short-story writer, making carefully observed situations and decisive endings central to his craft.

During the First World War, Maugham worked with a field ambulance in France and later served British intelligence, undertaking work in Switzerland and travelling to Russia. He also travelled widely, including in the South Pacific, the Far East, India, and Latin America. A visit to China in 1920 informed On a Chinese Screen and helped supply the setting for The Painted Veil. He settled on the French Mediterranean coast in 1928. During the Second World War he visited Britain and the United States to support the Allied cause and continued writing. Maugham married Syrie Wellcome in 1917; they divorced in 1929 and had a daughter, Mary Elizabeth, known as Liza. His last journey to the Far East took place in 1959.

Later life and reputation

In 1954 Maugham received the honour of Companion of Honour from the British monarch and became a member of the Royal Society of Literature. At the height of his popularity he was among the most widely read writers of his era and is often described as one of the highest-earning writers of the 1930s. His reputation rests on more than commercial success: his lucid style, worldly observation, and unsparing interest in self-deception and desire have kept his work in circulation. He died in Nice, France, on 16 December 1965, aged 91. His novels and stories remain familiar works of modern English literature, with Of Human Bondage and The Moon and Sixpence among his most enduring titles.

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